نشریه مدیریت منابع انسانی در ورزش
سال دهم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The main purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between spiritual leadership with job proactive behavior of physical education experts of education departments with the mediating role of psychological safety.

The present study is a descriptive correlational that was conducted in the field and its statistical population included all physical education experts of the Iran's education departments (1141 people) that 288 experts were selected as a statistical sample. Three standard questionnaires of Fry et al (2005) Spiritual Leadership, Edmondson & Lee (2014) Psychological Safety and of Parker et al (2008) Job Proactive Behavior were used to collect research data. The research data were analyzed in two parts of descriptive and inferential.

The results showed a positive and significant relationship between spiritual leadership and psychological safety. Also, a positive and significant relationship was observed between spiritual leadership and job proactive behavior of physical education experts. Another part of the research results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological safety and job proactive behavior of experts. Finally, the results showed that the relationship between spiritual leadership and job proactive behavior of physical education experts with the mediating role of psychological safety is positive and significant.

According to the research results, it can be concluded that using spiritual leadership by managers can increase the perception of psychological safety and job proactive behavior in physical education experts in education departments.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of strategic human resource management practices on the employee’s organizational performance with the mediating role of organizational learning of sports and youth offices in the Markazi Province.

The method of this research work was descriptive-correlational, which was done by survey. The statistical population of this work included the staff of the Sports and Youth Department of the Markazi Province, from which 95 people were randomly selected as a statistical sample. Standard questionnaires of strategic human resource management measures, organizational learning questionnaire, and employee organizational performance questionnaire were used to collect the research data. The research data was analyzed using the structural equation modeling test in the SPSS software (version 23) and Smart PLS (version 3).

The results showed that the strategic human resource management practices had a positive and significant effect on the employee’s organizational performance and organizational learning by the coefficients of 0.65 and 0.81, respectively. Also organizational learning with a coefficient of 0.71 had a direct and significant positive effect on the employee’s organizational performance (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, organizational learning had a minor mediating role in the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and organizational performance of employees.

According to the results, it is suggested that the officials of the studied organizations take the necessary measures to improve the performance evaluation status, the participation of employees in organizational activities, which can ultimately improve their organizational learning and organizational performance.

The purpose of this study was to identify and verify the influential factors of multicultural management in school sports.Metodology: This research work was an applied one, and the research method was descriptive- correlation. The statistical population of the study included all the physical education teachers (N = 34000). According to the research purpose, 346 people were selected in the exploratory factor analysis, and 322 people in the confirmatory factor analysis section were selected by clustered random sampling as a statistical sample. The required data for identifying the components and analyzing the model was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire after obtaining the validity (face, content). In order to calculate reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used (α = 0.90), and to analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that 51 items were identified as the multicultural management structure of school sports; they were classified into 9 components including policies and guidelines, multicultural planning, human resource empowerment, education, student motivation, curriculum planning, cultural awareness, countering racism, and cultural enrichment of the physical education classroom, which explained 80.69% of the variance of the structure. Examination and testing of the research model also showed that the general indicators of the fit of the measurement model were in a favorable condition; the results of the second-order factor analysis showed that the factors of "multicultural planning", "curriculum planning", "human resource empowerment" and "education" had the greatest impact on the establishment of multicultural management of school sports.

The results of this research work suggest that the educational planning officials should pay more attention to multicultural schools and physical education classes in these schools in macro-education programs and policies, and in order to empower physical education teachers in developing multicultural management skills, pay more attention to the inclusion of multicultural concepts in the teacher preparation program.

The purpose of this research work was to design a personal development model for Iranian football coaches.

The research method was qualitative, and based on the foundation data theory. Data analysis was done according to Glazer (1992). Interviews were used to collect the data. The validity and reliability of the research work was confirmed through the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with experts and specialists, and continued until the research work reached theoretical saturation and adequacy. It was collected through library study and qualitative interviews, and analyzed by an open, central, and selective coding method.

Based on the findings, 77 concepts were framed in the form of 20 sub-themes and 10 main themes. The main themes included organizational index, management factors, individual principles, professional competence, and training, evaluation, functional, behavioral, cognitive, and attitudinal.

In the direction of individual development of football coaches, one should focus on strategies such as assessing the educational needs of coaches and paying attention to the basic principles, as well as preparing updated educational content, and by using the variety of individual development programs, the necessary fields for functional, behavioral, cognitive, and attitudinal flourishing.

The purpose of this work was to identify the factors affecting the talent management of Iranian football.

The research method was qualitative and grounded theory. Data collection was performed using library studies, as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts. The participants of the study consisted of all football talent management experts in the three fields of scientific, managerial, and executive who had a complete knowledge on the subject of the research work, and the sampling method was purposeful. Interviews with the experts continued until theoretical saturation was reached (21 interviews with 19 experts). The research findings were analyzed through a coding process in three stages: open, axial, and selective.

In total, 46 causal influencing factors were identified in the form of four sub-categories (components) and in two general categories (concept), expert manpower and structural-facilitative factors. Also 52 contextual influencing factors were placed in the form of seven sub-categories (components) and in three general categories (concept), scientific-research factors, environmental factors, and individual contextual factors. Finally, in the group of intervening factors, a total of 24 influencing factors in the form of 4 categories (process, causal, contextual, and strategies) were categorized.

Creating the necessary platforms, especially strengthening the scientific and research field and the precise conceptualization of talent and talent management, paying attention to other effective individual characteristics, especially specific values, moral character, and lifestyle, preparing suitable conditions in the cultural, political, legal, economic environment, creating appropriate structures and formulating and implementing a strategic plan, financing, and facilities, and especially investing in coaches and managers, along with controlling the interfering factors, are effective and necessary for the talent management of Iranian football.

The purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of gender justice on the social performance of the Ministries of Sport and Youth with the mediating role of organizational well-being.

This research work was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method, and was conducted in the form of a survey. The statistical population of this research work was 890 staff members of the Ministry of Sport and Youth, and 278 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The measurement tools of this research work included a researcher-made questionnaire for gender justice, organizational well-being (Waterman, 2008) and social performance of the organization (Hadian Nesab, 2015). For the validity of the questionnaires, the opinions of 10 sports management professors were used, and Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate the reliability. For data analysis, structural equation modeling method was used in two parts: measurement model and structural part.

The results obtained showed that the perception of gender justice had a positive and meaningful effect on the social performance of the Ministry of Sport and Youth. On the other hand, organizational well-being had a positive and significant effect on the social performance of the Ministry of Sport and Youth. Also the effect of the perception of gender justice on the social performance of the Ministry of Sport and Youth with the mediating role of organizational well-being was positive and significant.

The expansion of gender justice by the managers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth will be accompanied by the improvement of social performance, and if the development of organizational well-being is provided, we will generally see the improvement of the performance of the Ministry of Sport and Youth.

The general purpose of this research work was to develop a pattern of factors affecting people's participation in public sports.

The present research method was mixed. Statistical population in the qualitative section includes all the deputy and general managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, presidents and deputy presidents of sports federations, university professors, general managers, deputies, and expert sports experts of the sports and youth departments of the provinces, and in the quantitative section, it includes all managers and experts, general deputy of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, experts and managers of sports federations, and general sports and experts of general committees. In the qualitative part, sampling was done using the snowball method until reaching theoretical saturation, and in the quantitative part, sample size was obtained using the Cochran's formula. In the inferential statistics section, the database theory was used with the Glazerian approach, and to design a structural-interpretive model, the self-interaction matrix and Micmac analysis were used.

The results of the research work showed that the emotional attitude and individual norms are the influencing factors of people's participation in public sports based on the theory of planned behavior, and by affecting the perceived internal control and the perceived external control, it leads to individual and group behavior.

It is suggested that the decision-makers in the field of public sports development, while taking advantage of the advice of social psychologists, examine the methods of stimulation and the use of emotional attitude and individual norms, and use the obtained model in order to increase people's participation in sports programs.

The purpose of this study was the effect of organizational civilization on organizational image with the mediating role of documenting experiences and organization's social network in the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all employees of the Tehran Municipality Sports Organization. A statistical sample was estimated to be sufficient for PLS modeling software (158 people), and its was used in the stratified-random sampling method. The research tool included a redesigned questionnaire from previous research for four variables on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity of the instrument was evaluated using experts' opinion (9 people), and the construct validity was evaluated using model fit indices.

The results show that the direct effect of organizational culture on organizational image is significant. Also the indirect effect of organizational culture on organizational image was significant through the two mediating variables of organizational social network and organizational experiences. In addition, separately, the impact of organizational civilization on social network and organizational experiences and their impact on organizational image was also significant. The effect of organizational social network on documentation was also significant.

Therefore, it can be said that although organizational civilization leads to the promotion of the image of the organization in the environment, the documentation of experiences and social networking significantly strengthen the civilization-illustration relationship. Therefore, it is suggested that Tehran Municipal Sports Organization use the concepts and manifestations of civilized organizations in order to reflect a suitable image of the organization in the environment, as a key to use the two strategies of documentary experiences and social network.

The aim of the current research work is to identify the effective factors on the empowerment of judo coaches and referees, focusing on the standardization uniformity of education.

This research work is based on approach is qualitative, and in terms of strategy is a phenomenological research work. The research work is applied one with a developmental-exploratory nature. The statistical population in the qualitative phase of the research was experts and specialists in the field of sports management and experts in the field of judo, 20 people were considered as a statistical sample of the qualitative part by purposeful sampling method. The data collection method was in the form of in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The reliability of the interviews in the qualitative part of the research was confirmed using test-retest reliability.

The results of the research work showed that in the section of factors affecting empowerment with a focus on the standardization of training in Iran's judo coaches and referees, a total of 120 primary propositions were extracted from a total of 20 interviews, and finally 85 primary propositions with a frequency of 503 were used as indicators and effective codes on the empowerment of Iran's judo coaches and referees focusing on the standardization training. Among these, 3 main categories (integrated human resources, standard organizational activities, educational functions and duties) and 7 sub-categories of 17 concepts were categorized as concepts and categories effective on the empowerment of Iran's judo coaches and referees in the form of more abstract codes.

The Education Committee of the Judo Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in turn, should play a key and important role in the empowerment programs of trainers and instructors of this sport by improving the status of standard organizational activities and educational functions and duties.

This study aims to systematically investigate the use of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in sports management journals, and provide instructions and guidelines to apply this method.
 This study is a systematic review, and secondary data was used. 183 studies of all PLS-SEM studies in 14 journals of sport management, published between 2020 and 2022, were analyzed in terms of reasons for using PLS-SEM, data characteristics, model characteristics, evaluation of measurement models, structural model evaluation, reporting, and using advanced analysis.
The results show that the researchers have indicated a few reasons to apply PLS-SEM, which majority of articles highlighted small sample size and lack of data normality. The results identified several issues in reporting the measurement model assessment, especially for measurement evaluation of second-order models. In addition, the findings show that most of studies have not considered reporting the advanced criteria for evaluating of structural model.
The results of this study assist researchers, reviewers and editors of journals to be more mindful, in future studies regarding the reporting of the results using PLS-SEM and avoid incorrect conclusions.

In the current era of the sports industry, organizational performance is critical for success in a competitive environment. In the current dynamic situation, it is appropriate for organizations to focus their management expertise on finding effective ways to create a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, the Iranian National Olympic Committee is facing various management challenges in order to achieve optimal performance. The purpose of this research work is to determine the impact of managers' strategic intelligence on the organizational performance of the Iranian National Olympic Committee with a mediating role of sustainable competitive advantage. The current research work is applied research in terms of purpose, descriptive-correlation in terms of nature and content, and field data collection in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research work was made up of managers, experts, and members of the general assembly of the National Olympic Committee of Iran. Also the sample size was determined in full. Therefore, 90 questionnaires were completed and analyzed. In order to collect information, three questionnaires of Maccoby's strategic intelligence (2004) and Kaplan and Norton's (2001) organizational performance were used, along with the sustainable competitive advantage questionnaire in Yu et al.'s (2017) research work. The content and form validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by asking the opinions of 7 sports management professors, and its reliability was also confirmed using the Cronbach's alpha test. In order to examine and analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used with the structural equation modeling approach; the data was analyzed using the partial least squares method. The research results showed the direct and positive impact of strategic intelligence on organizational performance and sustainable competitive advantage, as well as the direct and positive impact of sustainable competitive advantage on organizational performance. In addition, the mediating role of sustainable competitive advantage in the influence of managers' strategic intelligence on organizational performance was confirmed. Therefore, the managers and decision-makers of the Iranian National Olympic Committee can use the capacity of strategic intelligence and its dimensions at the group level to provide the basis for maintaining competitive advantage in order to increase organizational performance.

The current research work was conducted with the aim of the influence of leadership styles on the attitude of the managers of sports boards towards change with the mediating role of ethical intelligence.

The method used in this research work was based on the field implementation and correlation type, and specifically based on the structural equation model. The statistical population of this research work included all the managers of the sports boards of Alborz province (336 people), according to the Morgan's table; the number of statistical samples was equal to 179 people, who were selected randomly among the statistical population. To collect the data, three standard questionnaires were used, Hersey and Blanchard's leadership style (1999), and Jung's attitude towards change (2004), and to check ethical intelligence, the Link and Keel's (2011) standard questionnaire was used, and the reliability and validity of all variables has also been approved, and in the statistical method used, the data was analyzed using structural equations.

The results showed that there is a causal relationship between the leadership style, the attitude towards change, and the moral intelligence of the managers of sports teams in the Alborz province. On the other hand, moral intelligence also has an effect on the attitude towards the change of managers of the organization. Then the results of the test showed that ethical intelligence mediates the relationship between leadership style and attitude towards change of managers.

The research results showed that leadership is one of the important factors in creating positive changes in organizations. Also the type of leadership style is an essential component for successful change in the organization in order to face the competition and progress in sports teams. By connecting ethics with leadership, we realized that ethics is all about the identity of the leader and the role of the leader, so it is suggested that by empowering the leadership, encouraging and motivating people to create new ideas, the attitude of managers towards change should be developed, and with simultaneous application appropriate leadership style and promotion of ethical intelligence can improve the attitude towards change in managers.